9/22/2023 0 Comments 11. tchia litman ph.d.![]() ![]() ![]() To recruit subjects for his studies, Milgram followed what was a standard procedure at the time: he posted fliers around town and asked people interested in the study to mail in slips of paper with their contact information, basic demographic data, and an indication of when they might be able to come to the lab. For example, in the early 1960s, Stanley Milgram performed what are perhaps some of the most famous psychological experiments ever conducted. This marked the third stage, during which psychologists mostly used community recruitment to gain access to research participants. By the middle of the 20th century, psychology was an established science. From 1879 through the first decades of the 20th century, Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and their students used highly trained professionals, who were usually psychologists themselves, as participants for their studies. The second stage began once psychology laboratories were established in German universities. In the first stage, roughly spanning the 19th century, pioneering researchers like Gustav Fechner and Hermann Ebbinghaus used themselves as their own research subjects. The way in which social scientists sought to do this can be characterized as having proceeded through five stages. Whereas progress in the medical sciences has been shaped by access to human bodies (or the lack thereof), progress in the social sciences is dependent on researchers being able to interact with human minds. More recently, before public opinion permitted the use of cadavers in crash test research, scientists who wanted to understand how the body reacts in collisions so that they could design safer cars sometimes jumped into the crash simulators themselves, risking life and limb to quell their curiosity. In the 19th century, before teaching hospitals and before people could donate their bodies to science, students interested in human anatomy used what they could find: amputated limbs, deceased relatives, and often a corpse taken from a fresh grave. But in the Roman world and during much of the Middle Ages, progress in medicine had all but halted because the use of cadavers was illegal. In antiquity, Egyptian physicians were highly sought-after by people from all corners of the ancient world because they had acquired a knowledge of anatomy through their practice of mummification. But in the biological and social sciences the right tools can be much more difficult to obtain. When Galileo Galilei sought to measure the weight of air, for example, he used a glass bottle, a leather stopper, a syringe, and a bellows. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |